权力下放（Decentralization ）和基础构建（ Infrastructure- ）： 原理与实践 .docVIP

　　权力下放（Decentralization ）和基础构建（ Infrastructure: ）： 原理与实践----国际商务管理论文 --本文为收费论文，只显示abstract和Introduction部分，全文请从附件下载。 Abstract摘要 本文回顾了以基础设施为保障的低收入国家地方政府责任下放的理论和实践的相关问题。本文的重点不是管理问题，而是构建问题。根据大量的证据表明，随着效率理论进行操作会导致权利下放，但与此同时也有很多的证据表明，在理论和实践中往往分歧很大。 This paper revieents in loanagement issues. There is plenty ofevidence that folloent tells us that, under the rightcircumstances, certain services,including the infrastructure neededto provide them,can be moreefficiently provided by subnationalgovernments. At leastin industrial countries,infrastructure investment is decentralized to a significantextent (Estache andSinha 1995). InOECD countries, evensuch big projects as ports and airports are often locally managed andfunded (Bel and Fageda 2009). In theEuropean Union, forexample, the shareof subnational investmentin economic infrastructure is60-70 percent inthe older memberstates and 40percent in theneember states; subnationalshares in socialinvestments (e.g., in schools andhospitals) are evenhigher (Kappeler et al. 2012). 2.In loiddle ine countries,economic theory providesless guidance tobest practice. This ismostly because theassumptions beneath thedecentralization model donot fit the developingcountry setting aswell. The resultis a greatdeal of variationin the extentto which responsibility forinfrastructurenbs --p; service deliveryis assigned tolocal governments (Alm, 2010). Inthe countries includedin Table 1,for instance, theequivalent of alarge share of subnational oount spent on infrastructure by subnational governments in Peru is greaterthan the amount they raise from oents areimportant investors in infrastructure, hoeans obviousents, orents (or in the incentives to policy-makers that lie beneaththese governance arrangements) provementin the deliveryof infrastructure services.questioninclude not onlythe structure ofsubnational governments butthe nature ofpolitical representation, spending and revenue mobilization poyin management, thedesign and implementation ofintergove