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analyzing taphonomic deformation of ankylosaur skulls using retrodeformation and finite element analysis分析taphonomic甲龙类头骨变形使用retrodeformation和有限元分析
Analyzing Taphonomic Deformation of Ankylosaur Skulls
Using Retrodeformation and Finite Element Analysis
Victoria M. Arbour*, Philip J. Currie
Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
Abstract
Taphonomic deformation can make the interpretation of vertebrate fossil morphology difficult. The effects of taphonomic
deformation are investigated in two ankylosaurid dinosaur taxa, Euoplocephalus tutus (to investigate effects on our
understanding of intraspecific variation) and Minotaurasaurus ramachandrani (to investigate the validity of this genus). The
ratio of orbit maximum rostrocaudal length to perpendicular height is used as a strain ellipse, which can be used to
determine if ankylosaur skull fossils have been dorsoventrally compacted during fossilization and diagenesis. The software
program Geomagic is used to retrodeform three-dimensional (3D) digital models of the ankylosaur skulls. The effects of
sediment compaction are modeled using finite element analysis, and the resulting strain distributions are compared with
the retrodeformed models as a test of the retrodeformation method. Taphonomic deformation can account for a large
amount of intraspecific variation in Euoplocephalus, but finite element analysis and retrodeformation of Minotaurasaurus
shows that many of its diagnostic features are unlikely to result from deformation.
Citation: Arbour VM, Currie PJ (2012) Analyzing Taphonomic Deformation of Ankylosaur Skulls Using Retrodeformation and Finite Element Analysis. PLoS
ONE 7(6): e39323. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0039323
Editor: Peter Dodson, University of Pennsylvania, United States of America
Received January 21, 2012; Accepted May 18, 2012; Published June 22, 2012
Copyright: 2012 Arbour, Currie. This is an open-access arti
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