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Energies 2010, 3, 1263-1289; doi:10.3390/en3061263 OPEN ACCESS energies ISSN 1996-1073 /journal/energies Article An Examination of AC/HVDC Power Circuits for Interconnecting Bulk Wind Generation with the Electric Grid Daniel Ludois * and Giri Venkataramanan Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Wisconsin -Madison 1415 Engineering Dr. Madison WI 53706, USA; E-Mail: giri@ * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ludois@; Tel.: 1-608-262-3934; Fax: 1-608-262-5559. Received: 15 April 2010 / Accepted: 20 May 2010 / Published: 18 June 2010 Abstract: The application of high voltage dc (HVDC) transmission for integrating large scale and/or off-shore wind generation systems with the electric grid is attractive in comparison to extra high voltage (EHV) ac transmission due to a variety of reasons. While the technology of classical current sourced converters (CSC) using thyristors is well established for realization of large HVDC systems, the technology of voltage sourced converters (VSC) is emerging to be an alternative approach, particularly suitable for multi-terminal interconnections. More recently, a more modular scheme that may be termed ‘bridge of bridge’ converters (BoBC) has been introduced to realize HVDC systems. While all these three approaches are functionally capable of realizing HVDC systems, the