英美概况第一章总结.docxVIP

姓名：HaoSummary一、The period of ancient Greece1、Thales: Nature is rational Water is the basis of everything2、Anaximander: the world I terms of opposites3、Pythagoras: the entire natural world with numbers4、Heraclitus: change as the only unchanging reality in the universe opposites are inherently connected5、Parmenides: everything was the same human reasoning could discover the hidden universal truth which was disguised by the fa?ade of change6、Democritus:everything in the universe obeys the laws of necessity nothing actually changes the atomic theory Nature consisted of an unlimited number and variety of atoms .When a plant or animal died,its atoms disperse and could be used again in new bodies. his view of the world is mechanistic7、Socrates: strongly disagreed with the Sophists some norms are universally valid and absolutea rationalist who had unshakable faith in human reason distinguished between two types of knowledge: innate or a priori knowledge and empirical or not learned through the physical senses. A priori , or prior to birth , each person has Virtue which is not learned through the physical senses. Empirical or a posteriori knowledge is learned through the physical senses.8、Plato: everything in the material world dies , decomposed and disintegrates. there were a limited number of formstrue , absolute and eternal knowledge must be a priori, or innate within human beings. Idealism Understanding the world of ideas leads to understanding the ultimate cause of the physical world.He used earlier philosophical contributions to develop his Idealism into a comprehensive system which became a pillar of western thinking.9、Aristotle: the highest reality was gained through the physical senses nothing exists in consciousness that has not first been experienced through the senses. specific objects represented an ideal form His motto was “Matter over Mind”.man has the innate ability to reason Since man had reasoning ability ,he could organize physical experiences i