第三讲 语言要求.doc

第三讲 语言要求语的法特点Exploring the Inner Man By Jonathan Miller All of us contain an internal world which is just as active and just as complicated as one which we live in. It is an interior, though, of which we are largely unaware, and it is one to which we have no personal access. We simply cannot be tourists in our own insides. The only way in which we can make an inventory of all these internal furnishings and fittings is by having a look inside someone else. Let us start with the heart taken from the body of a dead man. It has no particular shape because it is dead, but when it is filled with blood and active, it contracts and expands 70 times a minute for the best part of 70 years, propelling blood around the body in one direction. On the surface here, on the fat, the coronary arteries wind their way over the surface and they have a grainy, gritty feel as if they are filled with some sort of fur which has probably made the heart inefficient as a pump. We have known for only 400 years that it was a four-chambered pump and that the circulation moved one way around the body. The left ventricle, which is the chamber that propels blood to the rest of the body, has the thickest, most muscular wall in the heart. Inside it are grayish translucent flaps extending into the cavity. These are the flaps of the mitral valve片which stands between the left auricle and the left ventricle, preventing the backflow of blood. Attached to their surface there are long, thin, glistening threads or cord, rather like the ropes of a tent holding open the flaps of the canvas. The proper understanding of the heart made no progress until it was understood that there was a special circulation going from the heart through the lungs. The lungs are normally white and spongy and filled with air, and form a vast branching tree which brings air into close contact with the blood which is being propelled through them by the heart. All you can see on the surface is how much harm we do to ourselves by living