外科试题(完整版)80%（Surgical examination (full version) 80%）.docVIP

外科试题(完整版)80%（Surgical examination (full version) 80%） 1. increased intracranial pressure: brain injury, brain tumor, brain hemorrhage, hydrocephalus and intracranial inflammatory diseases such as cranial cavity contents volume increased, resulting in continuous intracranial pressure above 200mmHg, causing the corresponding syndrome. 2. Cushing reaction: when the intracranial pressure increases rapidly, the patient changes in the vital signs, such as elevated blood pressure, slow heartbeat and pulse, disordered breathing rhythm and higher temperature. This change is called Cushing reaction. 3. neurogenic pulmonary edema: because the hypothalamus and medulla compression leads to alpha adrenergic nerve activity increased, blood pressure reactivity increased, left ventricular overload, left atrial and pulmonary venous pressure, increased pulmonary capillary pressure, fluid leakage, cause pulmonary edema, the patient is phlegm, shortness of breath, and a large number of foamy bloody sputum. 4.: when a hernia of intracranial cavity lesions, the chamber pressure is greater than the adjacent chamber pressure, brain shift from high pressure to low pressure area, leading to brain tissue, blood vessels and cranial nerve compression and displacement and other important structures, sometimes is squeezed into the gap or hole in the dura. Thus there is a series of serious clinical symptoms and signs, known as cerebral hernia. 5. retrograde amnesia: injured immediately appeared a brief disturbance of consciousness, coma or completely unconscious, often for seconds or minutes, generally not more than half an hour. After waking up, most of them can not remember the injury, or even the situation before the injury. 6. thyroid crisis: high fever, rapid pulse, combined with nerve, serious circulatory function and digestive system disorders such as irritability, delirium, sweating, vomiting, watery diarrhea etc.. 7. tension pneumothorax: trachea and bronchus or lung injury at the formatio