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PLoS MEDICINE Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration Risk Based on CFH, LOC387715/HTRA1, and Smoking 1* 1 2 1 3 1 Anne E. Hughes , Nick Orr , Chris Patterson , Hossein Esfandiary , Ruth Hogg , Vivienne McConnell , 3 3 Giuliana Silvestri , Usha Chakravarthy 1 Department of Medical Genetics, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom, 2 Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom, 3 Centre for Vision Science and Vascular Biology, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom Funding: This study was part A B S T R A C T funded by a grant from PPP Healthcare (now The Health Foundation). UC and RH were supported by Evigenoret. The Background funders played no part in design and conduct of the study; collection, Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the major cause of blindness in the elderly. Those management, analysis, and with the neovascular end-stage of disease have irreversible loss of central vision. AMD is a interpretation of the data; and complex disorder in which genetic and environmental factors play a role. Polymorphisms in the preparation, review, or approval of the manuscript. complement factor H (CFH) gene, LOC387715, and the HTRA1 promoter are strongly associated with AMD. Smoking also contributes to the etiology. We aimed to provide a model of disease Competing Interests: Queen’s risk based on these factors. University Belfast holds a pa