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The Biological Bases of Behavior PSYCHOLOGY Table of Contents The Nervous System The Chemistry The Endocrine System * * Psychology Research Methods in Psychology 1.Richard J. Gerring, Philip G.Zimbardo. (2002).Psychology and Life(16th) . US:A Pearson Education Company. 2.Spencer A. Rathus. (1996).Essentials of Psychology(15th).US:Harcourt Brace College Publishers. Table of Contents 1. The Scientific Method 2. Research Methods 3. Ethical Issues the scientific method What is the scientific method ? The scientific method is a method for obtaining scientific evidence in which research questions or hypotheses are formulated and tested. It helps ensure that psychological research generates valid, reliable conclusions by minimizing sources of error. Observer bias can influence our researches, so we must do our best to reduce the impact of the observer bias. How to Remedy for Observer Bias? 1.Standardization : meaning using uniform procedures in all phases of the research process. All participants should experience exactly the same procedure, and other researchers should be able to replicate the procedure exactly. 2.operational definition: standardizing the meaning of an event or procedure within an experiment. All variables in an experiment must be given an operational definition. the scientific method The scientific method Reaearch questions Hypotheses Examining Hypotheses testing New research questions Or hypotheses Psychological theory Daily experiences Commonly held beliefs Evidence (observations) Drawing conclusions Theory construction Or modification What are the commonly used research methods in Psychology ？ the methods of observation the correlational method the experimental method Research Methods Research Methods The Methods Of Observation Research particapants survey Cases-study Laboratory-observation Naturalistic-observation testing Research Methods The Methods Of Observation The case-study method: A carefully drawn bio