英译汉_Lecture_8 Abstraction Specification.pptVIP

Section 4 Abstraction Specification People use languages to describe the objective world. But any language is limited (in its vocabulary and number of sentence patterns) while the world is limitless—a contradiction of the language and the infiniteness of the world. So one word is often used to stand for several things which share similarities in certain aspects. Then people would generalize such similarities and work out abstract terms to refer to them. However, as different languages undergo different development, their degrees of generalization (abstraction) vary. Sometimes one language may use very general terms for similar ideas. So generalization (abstraction) and specification are two important means in translation between English and Chinese. One’s own past may become a gradually increasing weight. 越来越增加的重量 ? Weight ? 重量 让人感到压力的东西 重荷、包袱、负担 一个人过去的经历可能会成为他越来越沉重的包袱。 Wisdom prepares for the worst; but folly leaves the worst for the day it comes. 智慧为最坏做好准备，但是愚蠢将最坏留到给它带来的那一天。 cf:智者作好准备对付最坏的情况，愚者等到最坏的情况来临的时候才着急。 智者防患于未然，愚者临渴掘井。 High voltage current is usually carried by overhead wire system so as to prevent living things being electrocuted. 高压电流通常是由头顶的电线系统传输以防止生物被电击中。 cf:通常采用高架线来输送高压电，以防人畜触电。 She replaced the (telephone) receiver and sat there, her mind in a turmoil. She was not sure when it could have happened, or what her feelings were. She could not think straight. 她放下电话听筒，坐在那里，她的脑子在胡乱中。她拿不准这件事什么时候发生了，或者她的感受是什么。她一时不能直接想这个问题了。 cf:她放下电话，坐在那里，脑子里乱糟糟的，闹不明白这是什么时候发生的，也不知道自己是喜还是忧，一时乱了方寸。 Ex.1 She turned towards me immediately. The easy elegance of every movement of her limbs and body as soon as she began to advance from the far end of the room, set me in a flutter of expectation to see her face clearly. 她立刻转过身来，从房间那头走过来时，一举手一投足，风度非常优雅，我不由得想看清她的面孔。 In line with latest trends in fashion, a few dress designers have been sacrificing elegance to audacity. 有些时装设计师为了赶时髦，舍弃了优雅别致的样式，一味追求袒胸露体的大胆的风格。 Sometimes, the generalized or abstract expressions can be turne