第2章管理的历史 推荐.pptVIP

* * * * * * * The Systems Approach 系统论方法PP. 13-14 System Defined 系统的定义 A set of interrelated and interdependent parts arranged in a manner that produces a unified whole. 一组相互关联和依存的部分组成的一个整体 Basic Types of Systems 两种基本系统 Closed systems 封闭系统 Open systems 开放系统 * 图 1–5 The Organization as an Open System组织是开放系统 P.14 * Implications of the Systems Approach 系统方法对管理的意义 P.14 Coordination of the organization’s parts is essential for proper functioning of the entire organization. 组织各部分的协调是整个组织正常运作所必不可少的。 Decisions and actions taken in one area of the organization will have an effect in other areas of the organization. 在组织中某一方面采取的决策和行动会对组织的其他部分产生影响。 Organizations are not self-contained and, therefore, must adapt to changes in their external environment. 组织不是独立自足的，所以必须要应对外部的环境。 当代管理方法之二 contingency approach 权变方法 * The Contingency Approach权变方法 P. 15 Contingency Approach Defined （Also sometimes called the situational approach. 又叫情境方法) There is no one universally applicable set of management principles (rules) by which to manage organizations. 不存在一套普遍适用的管理原则 Organizations are individually different, face different situations (contingency variables), and require different ways of managing. 组织各不相同，面临不同的情境（称为权变变量），从而需要不同的管理方法。 * 表 1–3 Popular Contingency Variables 常见的权变变量 Organization size As size increases, so do the problems of coordination. Routineness of task technology Routine technologies require organizational structures, leadership styles, and control systems that differ from those required by customized or non-routine technologies. Environmental uncertainty What works best in a stable and predictable environment may be totally inappropriate in a rapidly changing and unpredictable environment. Individual differences Individuals differ in terms of their desire for growth, autonomy, tolerance of ambiguity, and expectations. Current Issues and Trends 当前管理方面的问题题和趋势 Learning Outcome 2.6 Explain why we need to look at the current trends and issues facing managers. 解释我们为什么要关注当前