下载电子课件unit 5.pptVIP

Construction is the translation of a design to reality. It is as important and complicated as the design in order that the structure will perform as it was intended to and the work is finished within the required time at the lowest cost. The designer must be in close contact with everything that is done during the construction work so that any changes in the site conditions, materials and work being done can be evaluated and, if necessary, corrected or improved. The constructors should have the same knowledge of the working-plan as the designer. They must also know the details of the design and must understand any unusual aspect of the design. In fact, the constructors should go to the engineers for information and advice during the design stage so that the plans do not call for something that cannot be built economically. Both the designers and constructors must always work in harmony. More workers are employed during the peak period. The employees should be given training for working skills and knowledge about quality and safety as early as possible. It will improve the working efficiency a lot. The construction work can be divided into a number of stages: 1. Evaluation of plans, specifications, basic demands and features of the site 2. Plan and speed of the job 3. Making the site ready 4. Building the structure 5. Cleaning up The first stage of evaluation consists of a careful study of demands of design and of the site itself. Too often this is not done until the third and fourth stages are under way, which is far too late. The second stage is most important if the job is to be done economically. The equipments, labor and materials for each stage in the construction must be provided at the correct time. The third includes constructing access roads, making warehouse, crushers, concrete mixers, offices and housing for the workmen ready. Of course, this work is often just the beginning, the arrangements are changed several times during the progress of the work. T