遗传学精品教学（南京大学）Chapter 3 Human Genomics II.pptVIP

* Gene protein Disease 2-D gel * * * * * * Beyond the HGP: What’s Next? HapMap Systems Biology Exploring Microbial Genomes for Energy and the Environment Chart genetic variation within the human genome * Beyond the HGP . . .What’s next? - cont’ Next project for DOE: GTL (Genomes to Life) Builds on data and resources from the Human Genome Project, the Microbial Genome Program, and systems biology Goal is to accelerate understanding of dynamic living systems for energy and environmental applications. Specific uses in energy production, waste cleanup, and climate change mitigation * Discussion How did HGP change medicine? GWAS: concept, application, outcome, and problems Gene Therapy: kinds of vector and their concepts Bioinformatics: examples of research area and software/tools * * * 15 SNP sites/gene may be low-estimated * Affymetrix GeneChip. The p53 GeneChip is designed to detect single nucleotide polymorphisms of the p53 tumor-suppressor gene; the HIV GeneChip is designed to detect mutations in the HIV-1 protease and also the viruss reverse transcriptase genes; and the P450 GeneChip focuses on mutations of key liver enzymes that metabolize drugs. Affymetrix has additional GeneChips in development, including biochips for detecting the breast cancer gene, BRCA1, as well as identifying bacterial pathogens. Other examples of biochips used to detect gene mutations include the HyGnostics modules made by Hyseq. * detect the differences in gene expression levels in cells that are diseased versus those that are healthy. Understanding these differences in gene expression not only serves as a diagnostic tool, but also provides drug makers with unique targets that are present only in diseased cells. For example, during the process of cancer transformation oncogenes and proto-oncogenes are activated, which never occurs in healthy cells. Targeting these genes may lead to new therapeutic approaches. Examples of biochips designed for gene expression