名词及定语从句讲义.docVIP

名词 一、名词的分类 名词 专有名词 普通名词 个体名词 集体名词 可数名词 物质名词 抽象名词 不可数名词 物质名词：glass(玻璃), iron（铁）, copper（铜）, tin（锡）, paper（纸）, chalk（粉笔）, wood 个体名词：a glass, an iron, a copper, a tin, a paper, a chalk, a wood 抽象名词：youth, relation, democracy, authority, power, necessity, beauty 个体名词：a youth, a relation, a democracy, an authority, a power, a necessity, a beauty 作不可数名词：Do you care for tea? Do you like chocolate? Have some coffee. Light travels faster than sound. What she lacks is experience. I hate empty talk. Translation is an art. We were again in difficulty. 作可数名词：Long Jing is a well-known tea. He bought us a box of chocolates. Two coffees, please. The lights are on. He’s had many odd experiences. There’s going to be an English talk. He has make an English translation of it. We met with many difficulties. 另外，有一些个体名词，在一定情况下也可以抽象化，成为不可数名词： Sure, there is much room for improvement. Now he began to prepare for bed. There’s no school tomorrow. He’s on holiday. The trees are now in flower. Fold all the dishes in newspaper. The house is built of brick. 有许多东西在汉语里是可数的，在英语中却不可数，这时如果要表示“一个”这类概念，就需加a piece of 这类定语： 一条新闻 a piece (an item) of news 一个意见 a piece of advice 一件工作 a piece of work 一阵掌声 a burst of applause 一张纸条 a slip of paper 一块肥皂 a cake of soap 一块巧克力 a bar of chocolate 一块冰 a block of ice 二、名词的数（见《考研英语语法》第3-6页） 1. 大多数名词的复数形式是在词尾加s. 如desk, map, boat, lake, field, dog, sea, machine 2. 以s, ss, x, sh, ch, z等字母结尾的名词和以辅音字母+o结尾的名词在词尾要加es, 以元音字母+o结尾的名词直接加s. 如buses, classes, boxes, dishes, churches, buzzes, heroes, potatoes, pianos, studios, radios, zoos, photos等 3. 以y结尾的名词，y前是辅音的变y为i再加es, y前是元音的加s. 如party, factory, family, university, boy, ray, toy, guy等。 4. 以f或fe结尾的名词，变复数时将f或fe改为ves. 如leaf, knife, wife 5. 有些名词变为复数，没有规律可循，只能死记。如formula-formulae, thesis-theses, analysis-analyses, basis-bases 6. 有些名词单、复数形式一样