Linguistics调整后Lecture0506Morphology幻灯片.pptVIP

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * (iii). adjective compounds a. noun + adjective: color-blind, snow-white b. verb + adjective: stir-crazy c. adjective + adjective: dark-blue, pale-yellow Here the head of the adjective compound is further specified by the first element. The noun in (a) denotes the field or area to which the adjective as the head applies. The verb in (b) denotes the degree to which the property holds and therefore means “very”. The adjective in (c) denotes a shade in the property indicated by the head element: the blue can be very dark or moves towards the light end on the spectrum. 2) Derivation Another major way of word formation is derivation, which is done by adding affixes to other words or morphemes. In contrast to compounding, a derivational word consists of at least a free morpheme and a bound morpheme (a derivational morpheme or affix). For example, by adding affixes un-, mis-, ful, -less, -ish, -ism, and -ness, we can get words as unhappy, misunderstand, careful, careless, girlish, terrorism, and sadness. Derivational affixes can be described in terms of their function or meaning. For example, both dis- and un- have a negative meaning, and -hood has the feature of making a word more abstract; take child for example, it is a common concrete noun, but childhood has the abstract meaning of “condition or period of being a child”. If we examine some more forms of this word we can clearly see what elements of meaning are added by various affixes: childless—without children childlike—like a child childish—like a child, but can have negative connotations These derivational processes may change the grammatical potential of a word and involves a change of form. A few more examples are given below: anti-: usually adds the meaning “against”, e.g. anti-terrorist -ation: this derives a noun from a verb, e.g. to compute→ computation -ful: adds the meaning “ful