现代语言学Chapter 10.docVIP

Chapter 10 Language Acquisition 语言习得 First language acquisition 第一语言习得 The biological basis of language acquisition 语言习得的生物基础 Language acquisition is a genetically determined capacity that all humans are endowed with. Human is biologically programmed to acquire at least one language. Any child who is capable of acquiring some particular human language is capable of acquiring any human language spontaneously and effortlessly. 语言习得是全人类均具备的通过遗传而得来的能力。人生来就具备一种天赋，或一种生物机制，使他们至少能习得一种语言。 儿童只要能习得某种人类语言，它就能本能而轻松地习得任何人类语言。 Language acquisition as the acquisition of grammatical rules 语言习得即语法规则的习得 Language acquisition is primarily the acquisition of the grammatical system of language. It doesn’t mean that every specific rule allowed by the grammatical system of a language must be acquired. What is actually acquired by young children are some general principle that are fundamental to the grammaticality of speech. 语言习得主要是语言的语法体系的习得。这并不意味着必须习得一种语言的语法体系的所有规则。儿童习得的是一些一般的原则，这些原则使口头语能合乎语法的基础。 The role of input and interaction 语言输入与交流的作用 Although human beings are genetically predetermined to acquire language, this genetic predisposition is not a sufficient condition for language development. For language to be eventually acquired, children must be provided with an appropriate linguistic environment which they have access to language data and opportunities to interact with the input. 虽然人的语言习得的能力是由遗传决定的，但这种先天遗传并不是语言发展的充分条件。要最终习得语言必须给儿童提供适当的环境，使儿童可以接触到语言信息并有机会用输入的语言进行交流。 The role of instruction 语言教学的作用 For the vast majority of children, language development occurs spontaneously and requires little conscious instruction. In fact, parents often fail in their attempt to teach children grammatical rules. 对绝大多数儿童而言，语言发展是本能进行的，几乎不需要成人刻意的传授。事实上，父母向儿童传授语法规则徒劳无益。 The role of correction and reinforcement 纠错与强化的作用 Correction and reinforcement are not key factors in child language development. Reinforcement has been found to occur usually in children’s pronunciation or reporting of the truthfulness