who is exposed to secondhand smoke self-reported and serum cotinine measured exposure in the u.s., 1999-2006暴露于二手烟是谁自我报告和血清可替宁测量暴露在美国.pdfVIP

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who is exposed to secondhand smoke self-reported and serum cotinine measured exposure in the u.s., 1999-2006暴露于二手烟是谁自我报告和血清可替宁测量暴露在美国.pdf

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who is exposed to secondhand smoke self-reported and serum cotinine measured exposure in the u.s., 1999-2006暴露于二手烟是谁自我报告和血清可替宁测量暴露在美国

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2009, 6, 1633-1648; doi:10.3390/ijerph6051633 OPEN ACCESS International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ISSN 1660-4601 /journal/ijerph Article Who Is Exposed to Secondhand Smoke? Self-Reported and Serum Cotinine Measured Exposure in the U.S., 1999-2006 Wendy Max *, Hai-Yen Sung and Yanling Shi Institute for Health Aging, University of California, San Francisco, 3333 California Street, Suite 340, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA; E-Mails: hai-yen.sung@ (H.Y.S.); yanling.shi@ (Y.S.) * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: Wendy.max@; Tel.: +1-415 476-8023; Fax: +1-415 476-3915 Received: 18 April 2009 / Accepted: 7 May 2009 / Published: 14 May 2009 Abstract: This study presents self-reported and serum cotinine measures of exposure to secondhand smoke (SHS) for nonsmoking children, adolescents, and adults. Estimates are disaggregated by time periods and sociodemographic characteristics based on analyses of the 1999-2006 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Self-reported exposure rates are found to be highest for children, followed by adolescents and adults. Important differences in exposure are found by socioeconomic characteristics. Using serum cotinine to measure exposure yields much higher prevalence r