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an intelligent regenerative braking strategy for？electric vehicles一个智能的再生制动策略电动汽车
Energies 2011, 4, 1461-1477; doi:10.3390/en4091461
OPEN ACCESS
energies
ISSN 1996-1073
/journal/energies
Article
An Intelligent Regenerative Braking Strategy for
Electric Vehicles
Guoqing Xu 1,2, Weimin Li 3,*, Kun Xu 3 and Zhibin Song 3
1 Department of Electrical Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China;
E-Mail: gq.xu@.hk
2 Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong,
Shatin, Hong Kong, China
3 Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055,
China; E-Mails: kun.xu@ (K.X.); zb.song@ (Z.S.)
* Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: wm.li@;
Tel.: +86-0755 Fax: +86-0755
Received: 12 May 2011; in revised form: 2 September 2011 / Accepted: 6 September 2011 /
Published: 22 September 2011
Abstract: Regenerative braking is an effective approach for electric vehicles (EVs) to
extend their driving range. A fuzzy-logic-based regenerative braking strategy (RBS)
integrated with series regenerative braking is developed in this paper to advance the level
of energy-savings. From the viewpoint of securing car stability in braking operations, the
braking force distribution between the front and rear wheels so as to accord with the ideal
distribution curve are considered to prevent vehicles from experiencing wheel lock and slip
phenomena during braking. Then, a fuzzy RBS using the driver’s braking force command,
vehicle speed, battery SOC, battery temperature are desig
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