a new threat to honey bees, the parasitic phorid fly apocephalus borealis蜜蜂的新威胁,寄生蚤蝇apocephalus贝壳.pdfVIP

A New Threat to Honey Bees, the Parasitic Phorid Fly Apocephalus borealis 1 2 1 1 1 Andrew Core , Charles Runckel , Jonathan Ivers , Christopher Quock , Travis Siapno , Seraphina 1 3 2 1 1 DeNault , Brian Brown , Joseph DeRisi , Christopher D. Smith , John Hafernik * 1 Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, California, United States of America, 2 Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America, 3 Entomology Section, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, Los Angeles, California, United States of America Abstract Honey bee colonies are subject to numerous pathogens and parasites. Interaction among multiple pathogens and parasites is the proposed cause for Colony Collapse Disorder (CCD), a syndrome characterized by worker bees abandoning their hive. Here we provide the first documentation that the phorid fly Apocephalus borealis, previously known to parasitize bumble bees, also infects and eventually kills honey bees and may pose an emerging threat to North American apiculture. Parasitized honey bees show hive abandonment behavior, leaving their hives at night and dying shortly thereafter. On average, seven days later up to 13 phorid larvae emerge from each dead bee and pupate away from the bee. Using DNA barcoding, we confirmed that phorids that emerged from honey bees and bumble bees were the same species. Microarray analyses of honey bees from infected hives revealed that these bees are often infected with deformed wing virus and