英汉语言对比-3-Differences at the Lexical Level-1.ppt

英汉语言对比-3 Differences at the Lexical Level-1 英汉词汇差异 英汉词汇差异 一、英汉词类系统比较 二、英汉构词法比较 三、英汉词义比较 四、英汉主导词类的比较 五、英汉词语搭配的对比 六、英汉词序比较 一、英汉词类系统比较 Word classes in English are more or less similar to those in Chinese. English: no classifiers /measure words/quantifier ; no modal particles (emotional particles); Chinese: no relative pronouns and adverbs; no articles; 二、英汉构词法比较 English: affixation, conversion, compounding 1. Affixation: Affixation is the formation of word by adding word-forming or derivational affixes (派生词缀) to stems. This process is also known as?derivation?, for new words formed in this way are called derivatives. According to the position affixes occupy in words, affixation falls into two subcategories:?prefixation?and?suffixation. 1.1 Prefixation Definition: Prefixation is the formation of new words by adding prefixes to stems. Features: non-class changing;Prefixes do not generally change the word-class of the stem but only modify its meaning. The majority of prefixes are characterized by their non-class-changing nature. Their chief function is to change meanings of the stems.? Exceptions: class-changing prefixes;In modern English, there are a small part of prefixes that do changes the part of speech, eg. a- in asleep, en- in encourage, and be- in belittle. Lead mislead Operate cooperate Revolution counter-revolution Build rebuild Market supermarket Developed underdeveloped Loyal disloyal 1.2 Suffixation Suffixation is the process of forming new words by adding suffixes to the end of stems. The chief role of a suffix is not to modify the meaning of a stem, rather to change the grammatical function of a stem, though there are a few exceptions. Suffixes can be divided into noun suffixes, adjective suffixes, adverb suffixes and verb suffixes. Employ employer Dark darkness Indivi