理查德二世统治崩溃原因之探析.pdfVIP

摘 要 理查德二世是安茹王朝的最后一位国王，年仅十岁便继承了他祖父爱德华三 世的王位。在理查德统治时期，英国国内社会动荡，经济衰退，在 1381 年又发 生了因人头税而导致的大起义。恶劣的政治环境使得幼年继位的理查德在统治上 捉襟见肘，而理查德与反对派贵族关系的恶化以及其个人统治政策的失败最终导 致了他的退位，同时得到贵族支持的亨利·博林布鲁克取代理查德成为了新的国 王。 理查德的退位事件是英国宪政史领域长期被关注的焦点，在宪政主义学派看 来，理查德是被议会废黜的，而亨利的继位也是在议会中进行并得到认可的。传 统的宪政主义学派认为在理查德退位这一事件中，议会发挥了主导作用，在这一 时期，议会已经开始扮演政治生活中的主要角色。但是，这种观点显然有其局限 性，而对理查德退位事件具体过程的掌握对修正宪政主义的观点就显得至关重 要。 本文在丰富的史料和前人研究成果的基础上分三个部分来分析理查德统治 失败的原因：首先是理查德统治时期的政治生态，其中主要是理查德与主要大贵 族的关系；其次，详细叙述了理查德退位事件的起因，经过，结果，重点是理查 德与亨利集团的角力过程。最后，通过事实分析 1399 年议会的性质以及 1399 年革命说的历史局限，并重新评估了理查德退位事件在英国历史上的宪政意义， 通过个案研究对中世纪宫廷叛乱活动提出了一种新的认识角度。 关键词：理查二世；刚特；弹劾派贵族；亨利 理查德二世统治崩溃原因之探析 Abstract Richard Ⅱ was one of the most important kings in the history of medieval England. When he was ten years old, he succeeded his grandfather Edward Ⅲ.During his minority, his uncle John of Gaunt was the most influential single noble, but after Richard grew up, he try to assert royal authority and his personal privilege in the kingdom. However, Richard’s unwise generosity to his favorites made he unpopular in the country, and other magnates-led by Duke of Gloucester, formed the Lords Appellant. In the Merciless Parliament of 1388, the five Lords Appellant tried and convicted five of Richard’s favorites for treason. After that, the Lords Appellant ruled the country until 1389, when Richard quietly reasserted his authority. In 1397, Richard suddenly took his revenge on the Lords Appellant: Gloucester, Arundel and Warwick were themselves “appealed” of treason and respectively murdered, executed, and banished. Henry and Norfolk too were banished after a quarrel between them. The king became increasingly despotic in his methods of governme