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Introduction, and A Case Study (Acidic Deposition) Air Quality Engineering 1 Air Quality Engineering: What is it? Goal: • Control air pollutant emissions so that impacts on – human health, – structures and crops, aesthetics, – ecosystem health, and – the atmosphere/climate system are minimized, or are acceptable. 2 Air Quality Engineering: What is it? Components: • Scientific understanding of the atmosphere: – What determines air composition? – How do pollutants move, react? • Understanding of the sources of air pollution Pollutant sources: who, where, control options. Natural processes that interact. •Application of control techniques. 3 Acid Rain: History • 1872: Robert Angus Smith, “Air and Rain: The Beginnings of a Chemical Climatology”: – Used the term “Acid Rain” – Studied rain composition around Manchester, England: “that with carbonate or ammonia in the fields at a distance, that with sulfate of ammonia in the suburbs and that with sulphuric acid or acid sulphate, in the town.” 4 History: Is it still a problem? • Coal contains S – S + O2 -- SO2 . – “Smog” (SMoke + fOG): SO2 and particles: • London, 1952: 4000 deaths. • London, 1962: 700 deaths. • Denora, Pennsylvania, 1948: 20 deaths. • U.S., 1996, 15,000-45,000 premature deaths. – To reduce SO2 concentrations: • Reduce emissions, or • Dilute and disperse the emissions. 5 Solution: Tall Stacks Smelter at Sudbury, Ontario 1/2 km smokestack Dilution is the Solution to Pollution 6 Map of Rainfall pH 7 Effects on Streams Lakes Buffer Capacity of Virginia Watersheds 50 ueq/L 20-50 ueq/L 0-20 ueq/L 0 ueq/L • Bulger et al., Univ. Virginia, Report for Trout Unlimited, June, 1998. 8 Effects on Statues U.S. Geological Survey 9 Emission Sources • Sources: Most from utilities, industrial boilers. National Science and Technology Council, National Acid Precipitation Assessment Program Biennial Report to Congress: An Integrated Assessment, May 1998. 10 Emission Cont