Linguistics调整后Lecture0304TheSoundsofLanguage2章节幻灯片.pptVIP

Linguistics调整后Lecture0304TheSoundsofLanguage2章节幻灯片.ppt

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* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Stress may also have a function at the sentence level. In this case, the lexical meaning of words is not affected, but the phonetic form of a word stress may be modified to show which part of the sentence is in focus, or which word should receive special emphasis. For example, in English sentences we may describe the differences by referring to the word on which the primary stress is placed, as in the following examples: a. Peter left directions for Mary to FOLLOW. b. Peter left DIRECTIONS for Mary to follow. In sentence (a) the primary stress is on the word follow, and in (b) the primary stress is on directions. This type of stress is called sentence stress. So stress is also a feature of speech which is beyond the individual sound segments and operates suprasegmentally over utterances. 2) Intonation Stress is not the only suprasegmental feature. Speech sounds which are identical as to their place or manner features may differ in length, pitch, or loudness. When speaking, people generally raise and lower the pitch of their voice. The pitch produced depends on how fast the vocal cords vibrate; the faster they vibrate, the higher the pitch. People also give some syllables in their utterances a greater degree of loudness and change their speech rhythm. These phenomena are called intonation. Intonation is an important aspect in spoken language. It clearly indicates that an utterance is a question or statement or a command or a request. For example, we say “The chairman may resign” as a statement with a falling pitch or tone, but as a question with a rising pitch or tone at the end of the sentence. Intonation is also indicative of the speaker’s attitude. Sometimes it conveys some information that we cannot generally find in the words used by the speaker. From all this we can see that although phonetics and phonology begin at the

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