11 Controlling and Business Objectives 商务英语函电课件PPT.pptVIP

Controlling and Business Objectives Control Definition The process of monitoring activities to ensure they are being accomplished as planned and of correcting any significant deviation. Control Three Types of Control Market Control: approach that emphasizes the use of external market mechanisms to establish the standards used in the control system. Bureaucratic Control: approach that emphasizes organizational authority and relies on administrative rules, regulations, procedures, policies, standardization of activities, well-defined job descriptions, and other administrative mechanisms to ensure that employees exhibit appropriate behaviors and meet performance standards. Clan Control: approach to designing control systems in which employee behaviors are regulated by the shared values, norms, traditions, rituals, beliefs, and other aspects of the organization’s culture. Control Management by Objectives Definition Management by objectives (MBO) is a system of goal-setting and implementation that involves a cycle of discussion, review, and evaluation of objectives among top and middle-level managers, supervisors, and employees. Goal vs. Objective A goal is a long-range aim for a specific period. An objective is a specific step, a milestone, which enables you to accomplish a goal. Management by Objectives Origin - Peter Drucker: 1954 (The Practice of Management) People motivate themselves. Management should avoid “activity trap.” Core Concepts Collaborative goal-setting and implementation from top executives, middle-level management to bottom employees Provision of effective means for evaluating performance and measuring goals, designed to help the organization stay on the right track. Management by Objectives The Five-Step MBO Process Management by Objectives Managerial Focus Management by Objectives MBO Principles Cascading of organizational goals and objectives Specific objectives of each member Participative decision making Explicit time per