大学英语教学课件（大二上册）Gerard Hendrik Hofstede.pptVIP

Gerard Hendrik Hofstede Hofstede’s Four Cultural Value System Cultural Dimensions Theory CULTURE Uncertainty Avoidance Power Distance Masculinity vs. Femininity Individualism vs. Collectivism Uncertainty Avoidance High-uncertainty-avoidance culture: “What is different, is dangerous.” Portugal, Greece, Peru, Belgium, and Japan. Uncertainty Avoidance Low-uncertainty-avoidance culture: “What is different, is curious” Denmark, Sweden, the United States, Finland, Netherlands and Ireland. . Power Distance High Hierarchical order India, Brazil, Singapore, Greece, Venezuela, Mexico, and Philippines Low equalization Australia, Finland, Denmark, Norway, New Zealand, and Israel Masculinity and Femininity M Characteristics: Men are taught to be domineering and assertive and women nurturing. Men--- provider Women---homemaker and breeder. Representative nations: Ireland, the Philippines, Greece, South Africa, Australia, Japan, Italy, and Mexico. F Characteristics: Stress caring and nurturing behaviors. Promotes sexual equality. Interdependence and androgynous behavior are the ideal. Representative nations: Sweden, Norway, Finland, Denmark, and the Netherlands. Individualism vs. Collectivism Individualist and Collectivist Cultures An individualist culture is one in which people tend to view themselves as individuals and to emphasize the needs of individuals. Individualist and Collectivist Cultures A collectivist culture is one in which people tend to view themselves as members of groups and usually consider the needs of the group to be more important than the needs of individuals.