微观经济学（N. Gregory Mankiw）教学课件ch08.pdfVIP

C H A P T E R 8 Application: The Costs of Taxation P R I N C I P L E S O F Economics N. Gregory Mankiw bannannan@dufe.edu.cn © 2009 South- Western, a part of Cengage Learning, all rights reserved The Effects of a Tax P Eq’m with no tax: Price = PE Quantity = QE Size of tax = $T S P Eq’m with B tax = $ T PE Buyers pay PB PS D Sellers receive PS Quantity = QT Q QT QE APPLICATION: THE COSTS OF TAXATION 1  Tax  drives a wedge between the price buyers pay and the price sellers receive.  raises the price buyers pay and lowers the price sellers receive.  reduces the quantity bought sold.  These effects are the same whether the tax is imposed on buyers or sellers, so we do not make this distinction in this chapter. APPLICATION: THE COSTS OF TAXATION 2  How do taxes affect the economic well-being of market participants?  Intuition: Both buyers and sellers are worse off when a good is taxed: A tax raises the price buyers pay and lowers the price sellers receive. Now how about the government? APPLICATION: THE COSTS OF TAXATION 3 How a Tax Affects Market Participants  Now, we apply the tools of welfare economics to measure the gains and losses from a tax.