微观经济学（N. Gregory Mankiw）教学课件ch11.pdfVIP

C H A P T E R 11 Public Goods and Common Resources P R I N C I P L E S O F Economics N. Gregory Mankiw bannannan@dufe.edu.cn © 2009 South- Western, a part of Cengage Learning, all rights reserved Introduction  The best things in life are free and we consume many goods without paying: parks, national defense, clean air, etc.  When goods have no prices, the market forces that normally allocate resources are absent.  Most goods in our economy are allocated by price signals that guide the decisions of buyers and sellers.  Free goods provide a special challenge. PUBLIC GOODS AND COMMON RESOURCES 1 Introduction  When a good does not have a price attached to it, private markets cannot ensure that the good is produced and consumed in the proper amounts.  In such cases, government policy can potentially remedy the market failure and raise economic well-being. PUBLIC GOODS AND COMMON RESOURCES 2 The Different Kinds of Goods  When thinking about the various goods in the economy, it is useful to group them according to two characteristics:  Is the good excludable?  Is the good rival ? PUBLIC GOODS AND COMMON RESOURCES 3 The Different Kinds of Goods  Excludability Excludability refers to the property of a good whereby a person can be prevented from using it.  Rivalry Rivalry refers to the property of a good whereby one person’s use diminishes other people’s use. PUBLIC GOODS AND COMMON RESOURCES 4 The Different Kinds of Goo