antifragility and tinkering in biology (and in business) flexibility provides an efficient epigenetic way to manage riskantifragility生物学和修补(业务)的灵活性提供了一个高效的表观遗传的方式来管理风险.pdfVIP

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antifragility and tinkering in biology (and in business) flexibility provides an efficient epigenetic way to manage riskantifragility生物学和修补(业务)的灵活性提供了一个高效的表观遗传的方式来管理风险.pdf

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antifragility and tinkering in biology (and in business) flexibility provides an efficient epigenetic way to manage riskantifragility生物学和修补(业务)的灵活性提供了一个高效的表观遗传的方式来管理风险

Genes 2011, 2, 998-1016; doi:10.3390/genes2040998 OPEN ACCESS genes ISSN 2073-4425 /journal/genes Review Antifragility and Tinkering in Biology (and in Business) Flexibility Provides an Efficient Epigenetic Way to Manage Risk Antoine Danchin 1,*, Philippe M. Binder 2 and Stanislas Noria 3 1 AMAbiotics SAS, CEA/Genoscope, 2 rue Gaston Crémieux, 91057 Evry Cedex, France; 2 Natural Sciences Division, University of Hawaii, Hilo, HI 96720-4091, USA; E-Mail: pbinder@ 3 Fondation Fourmentin-Guilbert, 2 avenue du Pavé Neuf, 93160 Noisy-le-Grand, France; E-Mail: stanislas.noria@ * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: a.danchin@ Tel.: +331-6091-7882; Fax: +331-6091-7899. Received: 28 September 2011; in revised form: 25 October 2011 / Accepted: 16 November 2011 / Published: 29 November 2011 Abstract: The notion of antifragility, an attribute of systems that makes them thrive under variable conditions, has recently been proposed by Nassim Taleb in a business context. This idea requires the ability of such systems to ‘tinker’, i.e., to creatively respond to changes in their environment. A fairly obvious example of this is natural selection-driven evolution. In this ubiquitous process, an original entity, challenged by an ever-changing environment, creates variants that evolve into novel entities. Analyzing functions that are essential during stationary-state life yield examples of entities that may be antifragile. One s