monitoring butterfly abundance beyond pollard walks监控蝴蝶丰富超越波拉德走.pdfVIP

Monitoring Butterfly Abundance: Beyond Pollard Walks ´ ˆ 1,2 3 4 5 2 4,6 Jerome Pellet *, Jason T. Bried , David Parietti , Antoine Gander , Patrick O. Heer , Daniel Cherix , ¨ 2 Raphael Arlettaz ` 1 A.Maibach Sarl, Oron-la-Ville, Switzerland, 2 Division of Conservation Biology, Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland, 3 Department of Zoology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, United States of America, 4 Department of Ecology and Evolution, Biophore, University of Lausanne, Dorigny, ´ ´ Switzerland, 5 Groupe d’etude et de gestion, Grande Caric¸aie, Champ-Pittet, Yverdon, Switzerland, 6 Musee de zoologie de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland Abstract Most butterfly monitoring protocols rely on counts along transects (Pollard walks) to generate species abundance indices and track population trends. It is still too often ignored that a population count results from two processes: the biological process (true abundance) and the statistical process (our ability to properly quantify abundance). Because individual detectability tends to vary in space (e.g., among sites) and time (e.g., among years), it remains unclear whether index counts truly reflect population sizes and trends. This study compares capture-mark-recapture (absolute abundance) and count- index (relative abundance) monitoring methods in three species (Maculinea nausithous and Iolana iolas: Lycaenidae; Minois dryas: Satyridae) in contrasted habitat types. We demonstrate that intraspecific variability in i