human evolution and osteoporosis-related spinal fractures人类进化和疏松症相关的脊柱骨折.pdfVIP

Human Evolution and Osteoporosis-Related Spinal Fractures 1,2,3 2 1,3 3,4 Meghan M. Cotter , David A. Loomis , Scott W. Simpson , Bruce Latimer , Christopher J. Hernandez3,5* 1 Department of Anatomy, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America, 2 Musculoskeletal Mechanics and Materials Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America, 3 Center for Human Origins, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America, 4 Department of Anthropology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America, 5 Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America Abstract The field of evolutionary medicine examines the possibility that some diseases are the result of trade-offs made in human evolution. Spinal fractures are the most common osteoporosis-related fracture in humans, but are not observed in apes, even in cases of severe osteopenia. In humans, the development of osteoporosis is influenced by peak bone mass and strength in early adulthood as well as age-related bone loss. Here, we examine the structural differences in the vertebral bodies (the portion of the vertebra most commonly involved in osteoporosis-related fractures) between humans and apes before age-related bone loss occurs. Vertebrae from young adult humans and chimpanzees, gorillas, orangutans, and gibbons (T8 vertebrae, n = 8–14 per species, male and female, humans: 20–40 years of age) were examined to determine bone strength (using finite element models), bone morphology (external shap