human and non-human primate genomes share hotspots of positive selection人类和非人类灵长类动物基因组热点分享积极的选择.pdfVIP

Human and Non-Human Primate Genomes Share Hotspots of Positive Selection 1 2 1 David Enard , Frantz Depaulis , Hugues Roest Crollius * ´ ´ 1 DYOGEN Lab, CNRS UMR8541, Ecole Normale Superieure, Paris, France, 2 Laboratoire Ecologie et Evolution, CNRS UMR7625, Ecole Normale Superieure, UPMC Paris Universitas, Paris, France Abstract Among primates, genome-wide analysis of recent positive selection is currently limited to the human species because it requires extensive sampling of genotypic data from many individuals. The extent to which genes positively selected in human also present adaptive changes in other primates therefore remains unknown. This question is important because a gene that has been positively selected independently in the human and in other primate lineages may be less likely to be involved in human specific phenotypic changes such as dietary habits or cognitive abilities. To answer this question, we analysed heterozygous Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) in the genomes of single human, chimpanzee, orangutan, and macaque individuals using a new method aiming to identify selective sweeps genome-wide. We found an unexpectedly high number of orthologous genes exhibiting signatures of a selective sweep simultaneously in several primate species, suggesting the presence of hotspots of positive selection. A similar significant excess is evident when comparing genes positively selected during recent human evolution with genes subjected to positive selection in their coding sequence in other primate lineages and identifie