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Research Digest Synopses of Research Articles Neandertals Likely Kept Their Genes to Themselves Scientists searching for clues could not have made a signifi cant genetic As these fossils are precious to our origins have long relied on contribution to early modern humans. commodities, Pbo’s group applied a studying fossils to piece together our Part of the challenge of resolving the technique developed in their lab that evolutionary history. Now, with the tools human–Neandertal interbreeding issue uses amino acid content as a measure of molecular genetics, they can reach stems from the fact that so many fossil of extractable endogenous DNA and beyond morphological evidence to samples—of both early humans and requires removing just 10 mg of bone retrieve traces of DNA preserved in the more archaic humans—are contaminated from a specimen rather than much remnants of bone. And in these ancient with the DNA of the contemporary larger pieces of bone. Of 24 Neandertal DNA sequences, they’re fi nding bits and humans who have handled them. So and 40 early modern human fossils pieces of the evolutionary record. Over even if a Neandertal sample contained analyzed, they found four Neandertal the course of evolution, changes in DNA a “real” (or endogenous) DNA sequence and fi ve early human specimens that sequences accumulate at a predictable resembling early humans—which passed the amino acid test. These fossils rate. These mutations can included samples classifi ed as reveal not only how closely