焊缝RT底片的评判规律及典型缺陷图谱探析.doc

焊缝射线照相底片的评判规律 一、 探伤人员要评片，四项指标放在先*，底片标记齐又正，铅字压缝为废片。 二、 评片开始第一件，先找四条熔合线，小口径管照椭圆，根部都在圈里面。 三、 气孔形象最明显，中心浓黑边缘浅，夹渣属于非金属，杂乱无章有棱边。 四、 咬边成线亦成点，似断似续常相见，这个缺陷最好定，位置就在熔合线。 五、 未焊透是大缺陷，典型图象成直线，间隙太小钝边厚，投影部位靠中间。 六、 内凹只在仰焊面，间隙太大是关键，内凹未透要分清，内凹透度成弧线。 七、 未熔合它斜又扁，常规透照难发现，它的位置有规律，都在坡口与层间。 八、 横裂纵裂都危险，横裂多数在表面，纵裂分布范围广，中间稍宽两端尖。 九、 还有一种冷裂纹，热影响区常发现，冷裂具有延迟性，焊完两天再拍片。 十、 有了裂纹很危险，斩???除根保安全，裂纹不论长和短，全部都是Ⅳ级片。 十一、 未熔和也很危险，黑度有深亦有浅，一旦判定就是它，亦是全部Ⅳ级片。 十二、 危害缺陷未焊透，Ⅱ级焊缝不能有，管线根据深和长，容器跟着条渣走**。 十三、 夹渣评定莫着忙，分清圆形和条状，长宽相比3为界，大于3倍是条状。 十四、 气孔危害并不大，标准对它很宽大，长径折点套厚度，中间厚度插入法。 十五、 多种缺陷大会合，分门别类先评级，2类相加减去Ⅰ，3类相加减Ⅱ级。 十六、 评片要想快又准，下拜焊工当先生，要问诀窍有哪些，焊接工艺和投影。 注：*四项指标系底片的黑度、灵敏度、清晰度、灰雾度必须符合标准的要求。 ????**指单面焊的管线焊缝和双面焊的容器焊缝内未焊透的判定标准。 Radiograph Interpretation - Welds In addition to producing high quality radiographs, the radiographer must also be skilled in radiographic interpretation. Interpretation of radiographs takes place in three basic steps which are (1) detection, (2) interpretation, and (3) evaluation. All of these steps make use of the radiographers visual acuity. Visual acuity is the ability to resolve a spatial pattern in an image. The ability of an individual to detect discontinuities in radiography is also affected by the lighting condition in the place of viewing, and the experience level for recognizing various features in the image. The following material was developed to help students develop an understanding of the types of defects found in weldments and how they appear in a radiograph. Discontinuities Discontinuities are interruptions in the typical structure of a material. These interruptions may occur in the base metal, weld material or heat affected zones. Discontinuities, which do not meet the requirements of the codes or specification used to invoke and control an inspection, are referred to as defects. General Welding Discontinuities The following discontinuities are typical of all types of welding. Cold lap is a condition where the weld filler metal does not properly fuse with the base metal