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16- ? Prentice Hall, 2002 Chapter 11 MOTIVATING EMPLOYEES 16-* Learning Objectives You should learn to: 1. Define the motivation process 2. Describe three early motivation theories 3. Identify ways to design motivating jobs 4. Describe the motivational implications of equity theory 5. Explain the key relationships in expectancy theory 6. Describe current motivation issues facing managers 7. Identify management practices that are likely to lead to more motivated employees 16-* 一. What Is Motivation? Motivation激励 the willingness to exert high levels of effort to reach organizational goals, conditioned by the effort’s ability to satisfy some individual need effort - a measure of intensity or drive强度或内驱力指标 goals - effort should be directed toward, and consistent with, organizational goals needs - motivation is a need-satisfying process need - an internal state that makes certain outcomes appear attractive unsatisfied needs create tensions that stimulate drives drives lead to search behavior of the goal 16-* The Motivation Process Unsatisfied Need Satisfied Need Search Behavior Drives Tension Reduction of Tension 16-* 二.Early Theories Of Motivation 1）Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Theory马斯洛的需要层次理论 lower-order needs - largely satisfied externally physiological - food, drink, shelter, sexual satisfaction safety - security and protection from physical and emotional harm assurance that physiological needs will be satisfied Higher-order needs - largely satisfied internally social - affection, belongingness, acceptance esteem尊重需要 - internal factors like self-respect, autonomy external factors like status, recognition, attention self-actualization自我实现需要 - achieving one’s potential 16-* Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Theory (cont.) each level in hierarchy must be satisfied before the next is activated激活 once a need is substantially satisfied it no longer motivates behavior theory received wide recognition little research support for the validity of the theory实证研究的检验 16-* Maslow’s