影响因素及异常发育 Influencing factors.pptxVIP

影响因素及异常发育Influencingfactorsandabnormaldevelopment

目录-CONTENTS影响认知功能发育的因素Factorsaffectingthedevelopmentofcognitivefunction01异常发育Abnormaldevelopment02

影响认知功能发育的因素FactorsaffectingthedevelopmentofcognitivefunctionPARTONE

1.遗传因素Geneticfactors染色体畸变，如21-三体综合征、18-三体综合征，都伴有认知功能障碍及智能障碍。多种单基因遗传病包括先天性代谢病，都影响神经发育，伴有精神发育迟滞，肌张力改变以及运动障碍。Chromosomalaberrations,suchastrisomy21andtrisomy18,areassociatedwithcognitiveimpairmentandintellectualimpairment.Avarietyofsinglegenegeneticdiseases,includingcongenitalmetabolicdiseases,affectnervedevelopment,accompaniedbymentalretardation,muscletonechangesanddyskinesia.

2.妊娠期和围生期危险因素Riskfactorsinpregnancyandperinatalperiod（1）妊娠期危险因素：感染、药物、辐射、污染等。妇女患严重慢性疾病。Infection,medicine,radiation,pollution,etc.Womensufferfromseriouschronicdiseases.（2）围生期危险因素：早产、分娩过程中脐带绕颈、胎盘前置、胎盘早剥、胎粪吸入等导致胎儿脑部缺氧，难产或过期胎儿产程过长，产钳损伤和颅脑出血、新生儿核黄疸，以及出生后严重的中毒、感染、缺氧、外伤等，使脑组织受到直接或间接的损伤。Prematuredelivery,umbilicalcordaroundtheneckduringdelivery,placentaprevia,placentalabruption,meconiuminhalationleadtofetalbrainhypoxia,dystociaorprolongedfetallabor,forcepsinjuryandcraniocerebralhemorrhage,neonatalnuclearjaundice,aswellasseriouspostnatalpoisoning,infection,hypoxia,trauma,etc.,whichdirectlyorindirectlydamagebraintissue.

3.营养因素Nutritionalfactors在神经细胞的发育阶段，有赖于各种营养素为其提供充足的能量和材料。包括碳水化合物、蛋白质、氨基酸、微量元素等。这些营养素促进神经系统的发育及构成。Inthedevelopmentstageofnervecells,itdependsonavarietyofnutrientstoprovidesufficientenergyandmaterials.Itincludescarbohydrate,protein,aminoacid,traceelementandsoon.Thesenutrientspromotethedevelopmentandcompositionofthenervoussystem.

4.慢性疾病chronicdisease内分泌疾病，如甲状腺功能减退症对生长发育的影响更为突出（呆小症）。长期慢性疾病有些可使儿童产生不适、疼痛，有些影响会限制儿童的日常活动和社会交往，有些会使儿童感到恐惧和焦虑、自卑等。Endocrinediseases,suchashypothyroidism,haveamoreprominenteffectongrowthanddevelopment.Somechronicdiseasesmaycausechildrendiscomfortandpain,s