语言学教程Chapter 4. From Word to Text（课堂PPT）.pptVIP

Chapter FourFrom Word to Text;Syntax is the study of the rules governing the ways different constituents are combined to form sentences in a language, or the study of the interrelationships between elements in sentence structures.;Syntactic relations can be analysed into three kinds: relations of position relations of substitutability relations of co-occurrence;1.1 Relations of Position;Positional relation, or WORD ORDER, refers to the sequential arrangement of words in a language. If the words in a sentence fail to occur in a fixed order required by the convention of a language, one tends to produce an utterance either ungrammatical or nonsensical at all. For example,;The boy kicked the ball *Boy the ball kicked the *The ball kicked the boy The teacher saw the students The students saw the teacher;Positional relations are a manifestation of one aspect of Syntagmatic Relations observed by F. de Saussure. They are also called Horizontal Relations or simply Chain Relations. ;Word order is among the three basic ways (word order, genetic and areal classifications) to classify languages in the world: SVO, VSO, SOV, OVS, OSV, and VOS. English belongs to SVO type, though this does not mean that SVO is the only possible word order. ;1.2 Relation of Substitutability ;It also refers to groups of more than one word which may be jointly substitutable grammatically for a single word of a particular set. strong man The tallest boy smiles. pretty girl yesterday. He went there last week. the day before.;This is also called Associative Relations by Saussure, and Paradigmatic Relations by Hjemslev. To make it more understandable, they are called Vertical Relations or Choice Relations. ;1.3 Relation of Co-occurrence ;Relations of co-occurrence partly belong to syntagmatic relations, partly to paradigmatic relations. ;2. Grammatical construction and its constituents ;2.2 Constituents and Phrase Structure;Immediate Constituent Analysis(IC Analysis);