孔子介绍（中英文版）.pptVIP

孔 子 中国在两千五百年前的“春秋”时期，出现了一个伟大的思想家和教育家——孔子（公元前551-公元前479年）。 【English】About 2 500 years ago, in what was called (known as) the Spring and Autumn Period (551-479 BC), China produced a great thinker and educator— Confucius. 春秋时期（公元前770-公元前476年）是一个政治、经济和社会大变动的时代。 The Spring and Autumn Period (770AC-476AC) was a time/age/era of great/dynamic political, economic and social changes. 政治上，周天子只是在名义上君临天下，实际上已没有多大权力。 　In the political field, the king of the East Zhou Dynasty continued to reign over the country, but in name only, for he had little real power. (Why not “emperor”?) 　　诸侯中的强大者，如齐、晋、秦、楚、吴、越等国，在不同的时候享有霸权，比周天子的影响和号召力还大。 　The strongest of his vassals, like the dukes of the states of Qi, Jin, Qin, Chu, Wu and Yue, enjoyed their own hegemony one after another, and were more powerful and influential than the king. (having more power ...) 　　各邦国之间战争不断，许多小国被大国并吞；各国内部，争权、夺位、篡位、僭越、谋杀的事件频繁发生。 Wars broke out from time to time between the states, with the result of many small ones annexed by the big ones. Within those states power struggle, usurpation, assumption of undue titles or positions, and assassination, were frequent. Frequent within those states were... 　经济上，铁器开始使用，农业生产大大提高。与此同时，手工业和商业也有发展。在大城市里出现了富商，他们甚至可以和掌权的公侯交往，并对其施加影响。 　In the economic field, agricultural production rose markedly thanks to the use of iron tools. Along with this developed handicrafts and commerce. In big cities emerged rich merchants who were capable of steady contacts with ruling princes or dukes, and even exerting influence on them. 　　政治上和经济上的变革必然对各阶层人的思想观点产生影响。 Such political and economic changes were certain to affect the thinking and attitudes (opinions) of all people (people from all walks of life). 　　各国统治者都力图富国强兵，民众在兵役和赋税的重压下，渴望生存与和平。 The rulers of the states, without exception, tried hard to make their states rich and strong, while the common people, groaning under the heavy burden of military services and taxation, desired above all for survival and peace. 一个新的阶层——士出现了。士就是有知识、有学问的人。他们来自各个