消防专业论文-氰化物泄漏事故的应急洗消.docVIP

PAGE IV 氰化物泄漏事故的应急洗消 摘 要 氰化物在民用工业中用途十分广泛，它是制造赤血盐和黄血盐染料的原料、且大量用于贵重金属的提纯筛选、电镀和农药制造等行业。随着氰化物的广泛应用，发生氰化物泄漏事故的频率、规模和程度也越来越严重，由于氰化物是高毒物质，泄漏后不仅可以造成大量的人员中毒、而且易造成周围环境中的构建物、植物、水源等严重污染，经济损失较严重。 本文在分析氰化物的分类及各物质理化性质、毒理作用的基础上，综述了氰化物泄漏事故的应急处置程序，重点讨论了氰化氢和氰化钠泄漏事故处置过程中应急洗消剂的选择、用量的理论计算和实际调用量的估算，以及事故现场的人员、装备、染毒区域的洗消程序，并结合战例，具体分析了事故现场采用的洗消方法、洗消剂的种类、用量及投入的洗消装备。实例分析表明在氰化物泄漏事故处置的应急洗消中，洗消方法、洗消剂耗量和洗消装备的确定是现场指挥人员实施科学决策和指挥的重要依据,它直接涉及到洗消剂运输车辆的安排、洗消力量和装备的部署，因而直接影响洗消工作的效率。 关键词 氰化物； 泄漏； 应急洗消 Emergency Decontamination of Cyanides Leakage Accident Abstract Cyanides is widely used in the civilian industry, it is the raw material of blood salt and yellow dye, at the same time, it is largely used in the industries such as precious metals purification filtering, electroplating and pesticide manufacturing, etc. Frequency, scale and degree of the cyanide leak get increased with the extensive use of cyanide. It will bring about toxics and seriously pollution of buildings, plants and the water, furthermore, the economic losses when cyanide leak happens for cyanide is a kind of toxics. The article is based on analyzing the classification of the cyanide, its physical and chemical properties and its toxicological effects. The text summarizes the emergency handling procedures of the cyanide leak. It put a highlight on the choice of decontamination for hydrogen cyanide and sodium cyanide leak, the theoretic calculations and the estimate of the dosage of decontamination, still the decontaminate procedures for the crew ,equipments and catch-poison areas at the accident scene. In the meantime, to link with two wars, it concretely analyzes the methods, the classes, the dosage and equipments of the decontamination adopted in the accident scene. The analysis report indicates that the discussion of the estimate of the decontamination, selection of equipment and medicine and the ways decontamination release is set a direction for fire departments to dispose such accidents. Keywords cyanides; leakage; emergency