第九章 区域济一体化.pptVIP

Jacob Viner Viner was born in 1892 in Montreal and earned his undergraduate degree at McGill University in 1914. His doctorate was earned at Harvard University, where he wrote his dissertation under Frank W. Taussig, the international trade economist. He was a professor at the University of Chicago from 1916 to 1917 and from 1919 to 1946. At various times Viner also taught at Stanford and Yale Universities and went twice to the Graduate Institute of International Studies in Geneva, Switzerland. In 1946 he left for Princeton University, where he remained until his retirement in 1960. Jacob Viner 1892-1970 Viner was a noted opponent of John Maynard Keynes during the Great Depression. While he agreed with the policies of government spending that Keynes pushed for, Viner argued that Keyness analysis was flawed and would not stand in the long run. Known for his enduring economic modelling of the firm, including the long- and short-run cost curves, his work is still used today. Viner is further known for having added the terms “trade creation” and “trade diversion” to the canon of economics in 1950. * * 关税同盟理论 关税同盟的静态效应 贸易创造（Trade Creating Effect） 产品从生产成本较高的国内生产转向关税同盟内较低成本生产国生产，本国则从低成本生产国进口的一种过程和现象。 * 贸易创造 A国（35元） B国（26元） C国（20元） 关税100％ * 上图表示，如果A国、B国建立关税同盟，相互取消关税，A国便从B国进口并停止生产X商品，把生产X商品的资源用于生产其他商品，这样就扩大和充分利用了资源。对B国而言，由于A国市场消费的X商品均由B国生产，则其生产规模扩大。生产成本降低，B国可获得生产规模扩大的好处。因此，在缔结关税同盟后，创造出了从B国向A国出口的新的贸易和国际分工，这就是贸易创造效应。 * 贸易转移 (Trade Diverting Effect) 成员国从世界上生产成本最低的国家进口转向关税同盟内部生产成本最低的国家进口的过程和现象。 * 贸易转移 A国（35元） B国（26元） C国（20元） 上图表示，建立关税同盟之前，各国征收50%关税，A国就会从成本和价格最低的C国进口。建立关税同盟之后（根据以上情况，制订30％以上的统一关税，例如50%统一关税）， A国把X商品的进口从关税同盟以外的C国转移到同盟内的B国，从成本低的供给来源向成本高的供给来源转移，这就是贸易转移效应。 * * 贸易扩大(Trade Expansion Effect) 减少行政支出 减少走私 增强关税同盟对外谈判力量 贸易创造与贸易转移效应的图示分析 SA表示A国的供给曲线， DA表示其需求曲线； PB、PC两条直线分别表示B、C两国的生产成本，且 PB PC在关税同盟建立之前，A国对B、C两国征收关税t，此时显然A国从C国进口。 如果AB两国结盟，则对A国而言，贸易转移效应=Q1Q2；而贸易创造效Q3Q1+Q2Q4 。 关税同盟的福利效应 关税同盟对A国的净福利效应=（a+b+c+d）-a-（c+e）=（b+d）-e。 其中(a+b+c+d)为消费者剩余增加，a为生产者剩余减少，(c+e)为关税收