《英语修辞学》第二章.pptVIP

English Rhetoric Contents of This Chapter 1.?Classical rhetoric 2. Rhetoric in the Middle Ages 3. Rhetoric in the Renaissance 4. New Classic Rhetoric 5. Contemporary Rhetoric The concept of rhetoric in general Along with grammar and logic or dialectic, rhetoric is one of the three ancient arts of discourse. Rhetoric normally explains the three arts of using language as a means to persuade (logos, pathos, and ethos), as well as the five canons of Rhetoric: memory, invention, delivery, style, and arrangement. From ancient Greece to the late 19th Century, it was a central part of Western education, filling the need to train public speakers and writers to move audiences to action with arguments. 1. Classical rhetoric (5th B.C – 5th A.D.) 1.3 Sophists and their practices of rhetoric 1.4 Some Ancient Greek Rhetoricians and their theory (2) Plato and his theory about rhetoric Full name Plato Born c. 428–427 BC Athens Died c. 348–347 BC (age approx 84) Athens School/tradition Platonism Main interests： Rhetoric, Art, Literature, Epistemology, Justice, Virtue, Politics, Education, Family, Militarism Notable ideas：Platonic realism（柏拉图式的现实主义和理想主义） It is possible that in developing his own theory of knowledge, Plato coined the term rhetoric both to denounce what he saw as the false wisdom of the Sophists[s?fist]?, and to advance his own views on knowledge and method. 《苏格拉底之死》1787 纽约大都会博物馆 法国新古典主义画家：雅克?路易? 大卫（Jacques Louis David) [?dai?‘lektik] adj. 辩证的, 辩证法的；方言的 柏拉图的著作中很多地方都表达了对修辞的贬斥。在《高尔吉亚篇》中，苏格拉底声称，修辞“发明的是这样一种劝服方式：它只制造对正义与非正义的看法，却对如何认识它们毫无教益”（Plato：455a）；修辞家“不需要了解事物的真实面目，他只需找到某种方式让那些无知的人相信他比真正有知识的人更有知识就行了”（459b）。因此，修辞与真理无关，根本不关心真理，甚至带有明显的欺骗意味。 然而，柏拉图对修辞的看法并非一成不变。海德格尔在1924-1925年讲授《智者篇》时提出，柏拉图的修辞观念有一个演变的过程，其轨迹可以通过比较三篇对话勾勒出来（Brogan：3-15）。《高尔吉亚篇》代表了早期柏拉图全盘否定修辞的态度；海德格尔认为，在《智者篇》中，柏拉图的态度有了重大变化，转而相信修辞对“不在”（non-being）或者说“存在”之外的领域的关注应当在哲学中占据一席之地，辩证（dialectic）能够克服修辞的欺骗倾向，使之为哲学服务；《斐德若篇》(Phaedrus)则是发生这一转变的关键场所。在这篇对话中，柏拉图着重探讨了真理（aletheia）与语言（logos）的关系。 拉斐尔最著名的壁画是为梵蒂冈宫绘制的《雅典学院》。