7[1].非关税壁垒.pptVIP

Non-tariff Barriers Quotas ─Absolute quota ─Tariff quota ─Voluntary export restraint Subsidy ─Export subsidy ─Domestic production subsidy ─Countervailing duty Dumping Other non-tariff barriers Quotas Conception ─A government-mandated limitation on either the quantity or the value of trade in a product. Absolute quota 指在一定时期内某种商品允许进口的绝对数额，超过此数额不准进口。 ─Globe quota (全球配额）对某种商品只限定总的数额，对来自任何国家和地区的商品都适用，也称为非歧视性配额（non-discriminatory quota)。 ─Country quota（国别配额）在总配额内根据来源国区别对待和分配的配额，也称为选择性配额（Selective quota)或歧视性配额（Discriminatory quota). Quotas Tariff quota ─ Policies that allow a certain quantity of a good into a country at low (often zero) tariff rates, but then apply higher tariffs to quantities that exceed the quota. 是与关税相结合的配额，并不限制某种商品一定时期内的进口总量，但规定一数额，在此数额内予以低税或免税进口，超过此数额，则征收较高关税以至惩罚性关税。 Quotas Import Quotas: Theory An import quota is a direct restriction on the quantity of a good that is imported. Example: The United States has a quota on imports of foreign cheese. The restriction is usually enforced by issuing licenses to some group of individuals or firms. Example: The only firms allowed to import cheese are certain trading companies. In some cases (e.g. sugar and apparel), the right to sell in the United States is given directly to the governments of exporting countries. Quotas An import quota always raises the domestic price of the imported good. License holders are able to buy imports and resell them at a higher price in the domestic market. The profits received by the holders of import licenses are known as quota rents. Quotas Welfare analysis of import quotas versus of that of tariffs The difference between a quota and a tariff is that with a quota the government receives no revenue. In assessing the costs and benefits of an import quota, it is crucial to determine who gets the rents. When the rights to sell in the domestic market are assigned to governments of exporting countries, the transfer of rents abroad m