Demand Side Innovation Policies：需求侧的创新政策精品.pdfVIP

Demand Side Innovation Policies: General remarks and the issue of “unintentional” public procurement of innovation Prof. Lena Tsipouri UNCTAD Geneva 19-21/3  An overview  Demand – side policies  Demand-side mapping in the EU  What is / why focus on PPfI  The Greek situation  Lessons learned: the unintentional PPfI  Demand side : market creation  Demand – side instruments: Measures influencing the creation of public (e.g. public procurement) or the stimulation of private markets (e.g. subsidise users to demand innovative products) which improve business expectations; they constitute incentives to innovate and market innovative products or services  Demand-side debate in two waves (‘70s and then early 2000 revival through global, societal challenges)  Critics of the demand-pull argument attacked it on three grounds in the past: inconsistency of concept, demand explains incremental technological change far better than it does discontinuous change, assumptions concerning firm capabilities may be misleading.  Demand side policies are more difficult to handle than supply-side. Policy risks are higher because, in addition to the technological risk, policy makers need to anticipate the response of actors (risk of substituting market failure with government failure) Public procurement  Public procurement of innovation  Pre-commercial public procurement (although there are doubts expressed to the extent to which this type is really a demand-side instrument) Regulation  Use of regulations  Standardisation Supporting private demand  Tax incentives  Catalytic procurement  Awareness raising campaigns Systemic polic