cut and tooth mark distributions on large animal bones：大动物骨骼的剪切和牙痕分布精品.pdfVIP

Journal of Archaeological Science (2002) 29, 85–109 doi:10.1006/jasc.2001.0690, available online at on Cut and Tooth Mark Distributions on Large Animal Bones: Ethnoarchaeological Data from the Hadza and Their Implications For Current Ideas About Early Human Carnivory Karen D. Lupo Department of Anthropology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, U.S.A. James F. O’Connell Department of Anthropology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, U.S.A. (Received 20 December 2000, revised manuscript accepted 31 March 2001) Distributions of cut and tooth marks on the bones of large animals found in archaeological sites are increasingly used as sources of inference about the relative importance of hunting and scavenging in early human diets, and (by extension) about the role of meat-eating in human evolution. Here we review the empirical basis for these inferences in light of ethnoarchaeo- logical data from the Tanzanian Hadza, a modern East African foraging population. Comparison of the Hadza data with those produced by other actualistic work indicates that while there may be a relationship between cut and tooth mark distributions and order of consumer access (human- versus carnivore-first), it is less clear-cut than many have suggested. Application of these results to the analysis of Plio-Pleistocene archaeological collections is further complicated by inconsistencies in the ways cut and tooth marks have been defined and counted, and by significant differences between patterns observed in modern control samples and those reported at ancient sites. These observations indicate that cut and tooth mark analyses are unlikely to speak effectively to questions about early human carnivory in the absence of: (1) better-warranted, more comprehensive expectations about the potential range of variation in past human carcass acquisition strategie