管理学基础chapter 3.pptVIP

College of Public Management SCAU Chapter 3 Foundations of Planning Learning Outcomes Define planning. Explain the potential benefits drawbacks of planning. Distinguish types of plans. Define management by objectives and identify its common elements. Outline the steps in the strategic management process. Describe the four grand strategies. Explain SWOT analysis. Focus on What is planning? Define planning Differentiate between formal and informal planning Why do managers plan? Describe the purposes of planning Describe the relationship between planning and performance How do managers plan? Types of plans MBO Strategic planning Grand strategies SWOT analysis Planning Defined Defining the organization’s objectives or goals Establishing an overall strategy for achieving those goals Developing a comprehensive hierarchy of plans to integrate and coordinate activities Planning is concerned with ends (what is to be done) as well as with means (how it is to be done). Reasons for Planning Criticisms Of Formal Planning Planning may create rigidity. Plans can’t be developed for a dynamic environment. Formal plans can’t replace intuition and creativity. Planning focuses managers’ attention on today’s competition, not on tomorrow’s survival. Formal planning reinforces success, which may lead to failure. Relationship between planning and performance Formal planning generally means -higher profits and higher return on assets -other positive financial results. quality and implementation of planning process contribute more than the extent of planning to high performance. external environment could reduce the impact of planning on performance. Types of Plans Planning: Focus and Time Strategic plans Plans that are organization-wide, establish overall objectives, position an organization in terms of its environment , provide direction. Tactical plans Plans derived from strategic objectives that specify the details of how the overall objectives are to be achieved Short-term