语言学Morphology形态学概要1.pptVIP

Italian: aria, artichoke, bandit, broccoli, cameo, carnival, casino, concerto, duet, finale, ghetto, graffiti (singular graffito), incognito, inferno, influenza, larva, libretto, macaroni, maestro, mafia, malaria, paparazzi (singular paparazzo), piano, pizza, ravioli, regatta, replica, scampi, solo, soprano, spaghetti, studio, umbrella, vendetta, vermicelli, volcano * Dutch: apartheid, booze, boss, brandy, buoy, coleslaw, commando, cookie, cranberry, cruise, deck, decoy, dock, dollar, dope, easel, excise, freight, furlough, gin, kit, knapsack, landscape, luck, onslaught, pickle, reef, sketch, skipper, slim, smuggle, snap, snip, trek, waffle, wagon, yacht * Hebrew: amen, babel, cabbala (or cabala, kabbala, kabala), camel, cherub, jubilee, manna, messiah, sabbath, satan, seraph, shibboleth Arabic: admiral, albatross, alchemy, alcohol, alcove, algebra, alkali, almanac, amber, assassin, candy, cipher (or cypher), harem, hazard, lemon, magazine, nadir, safari, sherbet, sofa, syrup, zenith, zero * Indian: bungalow, cashmere, chutney, cot, curry, dinghy, ginger, guru, juggernaut, jungle, jute, loot, mango, pariah, polo, punch, pundit, pyjamas (or pajamas), shampoo, swastika, thug, toddy, veranda (or verandah), yoga Chinese: chop suey, chow, chow mein, ginseng, gung-ho, ketchup (or catchup or catsup), kung fu, tea, tofu (via Japanese), typhoon * Types of loan words i. Loanwords: au pair, encore, coup d’etat, kungfu, sputnik ii. Loanblend coconut: coco (Spanish) + nut (English) Chinatown: China (Chinese) + town (English) iii. Loanshift bridge: meaning as a card game borrowed from Italian ponte * iv. Loan translation, or calque free verse verse libre (Latin) black humor humour noir (French) found object objet trouvé (French) (自然艺术品, 现成物) * 3. 2 Morpho-syntactical change(形态-句法变化) 1) Morphological change: The words change their forms. The change of the forms of inflectional affixes: a. when the subject is third person singular b. the old forms