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Operating Systems: Design and Implementation limited in University Learning unix is becoming popular because of it. Operating Systems: Design and Implementation limited in University Learning unix is becoming popular because of it. Development of GNU was initiated by Richard Stallman in 1983[1][8] and was the original focus of the Free Software Foundation (FSF), but no stable release of GNU yet exists as of January 2013 named because GNUs design is Unix-like, but differs from Unix by being free software and containing no Unix code the original focus of the Free Software Foundation (FSF) but no stable release of GNU yet exists Richard Stallman views GNU as a technical means to a social end. 2/3 of FSF’s funding comes from individual donation. Some from company donation. Advocate the software is free to use, study, copy, modify, and publish Lot’s of high-quality free software had been developed by FSF until 1990s (the Free Software Foundation - FSF IEEE（Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineering ) developed. ANSI (Amerian national standards institude) and ISO(International Standardization Organization) standardized. API (Application Program Interface) originally developed by IEEE for portability of Unix application, in 1991-1993. POSIX.1 in 1995, providing API in source code level, accepted by ISO. it push forward Linux to a correct direction from the beginning. as long as the program written for one OS complies with the standard, it can be ported to the other OS. IEEE（Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineering ) developed. ANSI (Amerian national standards institude) and ISO(International Standardization Organization) standardized. API (Application Program Interface) originally developed by IEEE for portability of Unix application, in 1991-1993. POSIX.1 in 1995, providing API in source code level, accepted by ISO. it push forward Linux to a correct direction from the beginning. as long as the program written for one OS complies with th