(精选)大学专业英语chapter three教学课件.pptVIP

* * Chapter3 Cognitive Psychology Shirley xie Contents: Perception Attention Memory Perception The process of interpreting and organizing the environmental information received by the senses. E.g.: visual perception auditive perception space perception Basic features of perception: Perceptual constancy Perceptual organization 1\Perceptual Constancies Perceptual constancy refers to the tendency to see the world as invariant, constant, and stable, despite changes in the stimulation of sensory receptors. a) Size constancy refers to the ability to perceive the true size of an object despite variations in the size of its retinal image. b) Shape constancy refers to the ability to perceive correctly an object’s actual shape, even when the object is slanted away from the viewer, making the shape of the retinal image substantially different from that of the object itself. c) Lightness constancy is your tendency to perceive the whiteness, grayness, or blackness of objects as constant across changing levels of illumination. Perceptual organization Gestalt theory of perceptual organization The law of Pragnanz Proves of top-down theories Illusion When your perceptual systems deceive you into experiencing a stimulus pattern in a manner that is demonstrably incorrect, you are experiencing an illusion Bottom-up theory Bottom-up processing is taking sensory data into the system and sending it upward for extraction and analysis of relevant information. It is anchored in empirical reality and deals with bits of information and the transformation of concrete, physical features of stimuli into abstract representations. Also called data-driven processing. Attention The focusing and concentration of mental effort that usually results in conscious awareness of certain aspects of external sensory stimuli or mental experiences. Divided attention Focused attention * * *