英语国家概括第4章.pptVIP

Transition to the Modern Age (1455-1688) 1. The Wars of the Roses The name Wars of the Roses refers to the battles between the House of Lancaster, symbolized by the red rose, and that of York, symbolized by the white, from 1455 to 1485. Henry Tudor, descendant of Duke of Lancaster won victory at Bosworth Field in 1458 and put the country under the rule of the Tudors. From these Wars, English feudalism received its fatal blow. The great medieval nobility was much weakened. The king’s power became supreme. Henry VII (1485-1509) and the House of Tudor (1485-1603) There were five Tudor monarchs: Henry VII, Henry VIII, Edward VI, Mary I and Elizabeth I. They ruled England and Wales for just over 200 years. But they achieved a great deal in such a short time span. Henry VII’s Rule (P42): domestic rule; foreign policy; 2. The English Reformation英国宗教改革Henry VIII, a frivolous (6 wives) but also a great king, was above all responsible for the religious reform of the church. There were three main causes: 1 a desire for change and reform in the church had been growing for many years and now, encouraged by the success of Martin Luther, many people believed its time had come; 2 the privilege and wealth of the clergy were resented; and 3 Henry needed money.---rebuilding the power of the monarch. 马丁 路德的“因信称义”命题的主旨为：灵魂得到拯救的人在上帝面前被称为义，不在于本人自己善行所积下的功德，而在于上帝的恩典和人对上帝的笃诚信仰。当时教会宣称，教皇哄骗信徒们说购买了赎罪券无论犯了多大的罪，可以得到上帝的宽恕。路德的因信称义命题，正是针对这种说法的神学依据加以抨击。 /view/81775.htm The reform began as a struggle for a divorce and ended in freedom from the Papacy. Henry VIII wanted to divorce Catherine of Aragon but the Pope refused. Henry’s reforms was to get rid of the English Church’s connection with the Pope, and to make an independent Church of England. He made this break with Rome gradually between 1529 and 1534. He dissolved all of England’s monasteries and nunneries because they were more loyal to the Pope than to their English kings. The laws such as the Act of succession of 153