分子生物学（双语）1 Genes Are DNA.pptVIP

FIGURE 25: Mutation rates FIGURE 26: Mutations can be induced by chemical modification of a base FIGURE 27: Mutations can be induced FIGURE 28: Point mutations and insertions can revert, but deletions cannot revert FIGURE 29: Spontaneous mutations are concentrated at a hotspot FIGURE 30: Deamination FIGURE 31: Deamination FIGURE 32: PSTV RNA Chapter 1 Genes Are DNA Figure CO: X chromosome in blue ? Science VU/DOE/Visuals Unlimited FIGURE SO: Part I: Genes and Chromosomes Photo courtesy of S. V. Flores, A. Mena, and B. F. McAllister. Used with permission of Bryant McAllister, Department of Biology, University of Iowa. FIGURE CO: Genes are DNA ? Mopic/ShutterStock, Inc. FIGURE 01: A brief history of genetics FIGURE 02: A gene codes for an RNA, which may code for protein DNA as the Genetic Material Pneumococcus pathogenicity tranferred to normal strain by transformation T2 bacteriophage genetic material is DNA Transfection of eukaryotic cells with TK+ FIGURE 03: Griffith experiment FIGURE 04: The DNA of S-type bacteria can transform R-type bacteria into the same S-type FIGURE 06: The genetic material of phage T2 is DNA FIGURE 07: Eukaryotic cells can acquire a new phenotype as the result of transfection Basic DNA Structure Nucleotide – phosphate, sugar, base Bases – pyrimidines and purines Phosphodiester bonds – phosphate/sugar backbone 5’ to 3’ direction, antiparallel double helix Base pairing Minor versus major groove in B-DNA 3.4 nm and 10.4 base pairs per turn Alternative DNA structures FIGURE 08: A polynucleotide chain FIGURE 12: Flat base pairs lie perpendicular to the sugar-phosphate backbone FIGURE 14: Base pairing provides the mechanism for replicating DNA FIGURE 13: The two strands of DNA form a double helix ? Photodisc DNA Replication Basics Origins of replication Semi-conservative Denaturation, annealing, extension DNA Polymerases proofreading mutations FIGURE 15: Replication of DNA is semiconservative FIGURE 16: The replication fork FIGURE 17: An endonuc