几篇石化文章的汉译英.docVIP

根据最早期的科学研究调查，石油的形成被归结为两种起源：有机的和无机的。一些化学家和天文学家认为石油是无机起源的，有的是火成岩成因，有的是宇宙成因，或者是两者的结合体。大部分石油地质学家认为石油是由埋藏的有机物质经成岩作用形成的，并且指出石油形成于沉积岩而不是火成岩。经济而精确的化学分析技术的出现使得生油岩的研究成为可能。现在，可以把石油和生成它的页岩进行对比，用来确定潜在的生油岩、它们生油或生气的倾向，以及它们的热成熟度水平。 要形成商业性油气藏，必须满足5个条件： 1．必须有富含有机质的源岩以产生石油和或天然气； 2．源岩必须经受足够的热演化以生成石油； 3．必须有能够容纳排出的油气的储集层。该储集层必须具有孔隙度来存储油和或气，以及渗透性而让流体流动； 4．储集层必须被非渗透性的盖层所封闭，以防止油气向上逸散到地表； 5．源岩、储集层和盖层必须合理地分布来圈闭石油。 From the earliest days of scientific investigation the formation of petroleum had been attributed to two origins: inorganic and organic. Some chemists and astronomers argued for an inorganic origin --- ometimes igneous, sometimes extraterrestrial, or a mixture of both. Most petroleum geologists believe that petroleum forms from the diagenesis of buried organic matter and note that it is indigenous to sedimentary rocks rather than igneous ones. The advent of cheap and accurate chemical analytical techniques allowed petroleum source rocks to be studied. It is now possible to match petroleum with its parent shale and to identify potential source rocks, their tendency to generate oil or gas, and their level of thermal maturation. For a commercial oil accumulation to occur, five conditions must be fulfilled: 1. There must be an organic-rich source rock to generate the oil and/or gas. 2. The source rock must have been heated sufficiently to yield its petroleum. 3. There must be a reservoir to contain the expelled hydrocarbons. This reservoir must have porosity, to contain the oil and/or gas, and permeability, to permit fluid flow. 4. The reservoir must be sealed by an impermeable cap rock to prevent the upward escape of petroleum to the earths surface. 5. Source, reservoir, and seal must be arranged in such a way as to trap the petroleum. 原油储量是指从已知油田的油井中将来可望产出原油的估计数量。世界已发现常规油田的可采石油的总量约为一万亿桶。其中约67%的世界储量分布在沙特阿拉伯、科威特、伊朗、伊拉克等中东国家。 石油是不可再生的资源。和树木不同，石油一旦从地下采出，就不可再生。原油在地下岩层深处通过自然过程形成的速度很慢，在实验室中还从未形成过。从源岩中的有机物到原油的形成至少需要几百万年，现存的原油量是有限的。