Educational Psychology, Canadian Edition - 约翰.pptVIP

Chapter 7Cognitive Theories of Learning Themes of the chapter The relationship between the individual and the environment is the key focus of cognitive theories of learning Cognitive and constructivist theories of learning are related Information processing descriptions of memory and storage of information Guiding Questions How do cognitive and constructivist theories of learning differ? What are attention, perception, and working memory important for learning? How is knowledge represented? What are the different kinds of long-term memory? How is encoding related to retrieval? Why and how do we categorize? How can teachers promote complex cognition? How can teachers apply cognitive theories of learning in working with diverse students and students with special needs? Cognitive and Constructivist Theories of Learning Cognitive approach to learning – explores how individual differences in knowledge and experience influence the way we interpret the environment what we learn from that interaction Knowledge is constructed by the learner and affected by the learner’s prior experiences Constructivism Exogenous – constructed knowledge that mirrors information in the environment Endogenous – construction of new knowledge structures from existing structures rather than from the environment Dialectical – knowledge lies in continual interaction between the individual and the environment Information-Processing Model – Endogenous Constructivism The learner develops internal representations of the external world Perceptual and attentional processes limit the amount of information that is available The Information-Processing Model Limited capacity of various components of the memory system Information processed in working memory Information then transferred to long-term memory for later retrieval The Information-Processing Model Sensory memory – brief memories associated with various senses Short-term memory – a temporary memory storage Long-term memory – storage for indefinite p